Нейровоспаление как центральное звено патогенеза нейродегенеративных заболеваний: молекулярные механизмы, клинические корреляты и терапевтические перспективы

Нейровоспаление рассматривается как центральный механизм прогрессирования нейродегенератив- ных заболеваний, интегрирующий возраст-ассоциированное воспаление, глиальную дисфункцию, нару- шение гематоэнцефалического барьера, митохондриальный стресс и системные факторы. Активация микроглии и астроцитов, вовлечение NLRP3-инфламмасомы, дисрегуляция TREM2-сигналинга, нарушения железного и липидного обмена, а также влияние микробиоты и метаболических коморбидностей фор- мируют устойчивую патологическую сеть, усиливающую нейрональную утрату при болезни Альцгеймера, болезни Паркинсона, боковом амиотрофическом склерозе и рассеянном склерозе. Появляющиеся те- рапевтические стратегии включают модуляцию микроглии, подавление инфламмасомных каскадов, эпи- генетические подходы и нанотехнологические системы доставки противовоспалительных соединений, однако их клиническая эффективность остается ограниченной. Углубленное понимание структуры ней- ровоспаления открывает возможности для разработки таргетных и персонализированных вмешательств.

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